Think Vitamin D Deficiency is Not Common in Africa? Think Again

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, and the number of diseases associated with it, seems to be increasing worldwide. Africa is known to have a huge burden of disease, but little is known about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. In our recent paper, we reviewed and analysed all published studies that assessed the vitamin D status of healthy populations in Africa. The average prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was much higher than we expected.

Exposure to sunshine for a few minutes is enough to provide sufficient vitamin D. This is the major (and often the only) source of vitamin D for many populations worldwide. Populations that live in regions that don’t get enough sunshine especially during winter are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, some depend on supplements and foods fortified with vitamin D.

Vitamin D has been shown to regulate the function of 229 genes in humans. This suggests it plays many roles in maintaining health.

Research has shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with non-communicable and infectious diseases. For example, the deficiency has long been known to cause rickets, growth retardation and skeletal deformities in children. In adults, it can cause osteoporosis and osteomalacia and increase the risk of fractures.

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More recent studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to infectious diseases, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

With the abundance of sunshine all year round, it is logical to expect that populations living in Africa would have sufficient vitamin D. But there was sparse research to prove or disprove this. Our research was an attempt to fill this gap.

Our findings are important because they point to a problem that health care providers, public health policy makers and the general public in Africa should be aware of.

Information deficit

Africa has a big burden of both infectious and non-communicable disease. For instance, the continent records one of the highest rates of rickets in the world.

A 2014 report by the World Health Organisation indicated that the burden of non-communicable diseases would surpass that of infectious diseases by 2030.

Many of these diseases, including diabetes, stroke, autoimmune diseases and cancers, to name a few, have been linked to vitamin D deficiency.

To the best of our knowledge, no African country has implemented vitamin D intervention policies in its public health strategy.

The lack of proper programmes might stem from the fact that people may still believe that vitamin D deficiency isn’t a problem in Africa. One contributing factor to this misconception is the fact that there is little information on vitamin D status of people living on the continent.

Our research

In a systematic review, we set out to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in Africans. We searched for – and reviewed – all published studies that measured the vitamin D status of populations living in Africa.

In addition, we pooled prevalence estimates from countries across Africa to come up with an average prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. We used three generally accepted cutoffs to define low of vitamin D levels (there is no consensus on the definition of vitamin D deficiency):

• severe vitamin D deficiency was defined as vitamin D levels below 30 nanomoles per litre (nmol/L) (this has been associated with increased risk of bone and mineral diseases),
• vitamin D deficiency as vitamin D levels below 50 nmol/L, and
• vitamin D insufficiency as vitamin D levels below 75 nmol/L (this is associated with other non-skeletal diseases).

On average, we found that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was approximately 34% using a 50 nmol/L cutoff and 18% using a 30 nmol/L cut-off. This implied that at least one in three people in Africa has vitamin D deficiency and may be at risk of bone-related diseases.

Using the 75 nmol/L cut-off, about two in every three people had vitamin D insufficiency (67%), which may put them at risk of vitamin D deficiency-related non-communicable diseases.

We found that a number of population subgroups were at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. These included newborns, women, populations living in urban areas and populations living in northern and southern Africa. Countries close to the equator had less prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.

In separate analyses, we found the deficiency was more common in patients with diseases such as rickets, tuberculosis, diabetes, asthma and malaria.

Conclusion

Contrary to general expectations, our findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency is common in many populations in Africa. This may be a big public health problem, considering many of the diseases that are prevalent in Africa have been linked to vitamin D deficiency.

Governments in Africa should begin to incorporate strategies to prevent, detect and manage vitamin D deficiency in their public health and primary care programmes. These may include national policies and nutritional guidelines to improve vitamin D status, especially for populations at risk. Ensuring adequate sun exposure and dietary vitamin D intakes is a good place to start.

Reagan Mogire, PhD Fellow, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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