Alcohol and health: Exploring the myths

The idea that a casual pint or a glass of wine might actually offer health benefits is undeniably appealing. Backed by supposed research findings, this notion often finds its way into conversations and headlines. But as researchers dedicated to understanding substance use, we’re constantly digging deeper. Can we really raise a glass and say “Cheers to health?”

ALCOHOL AND HEART HEALTH: UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF THE BELIEF

The widespread belief in alcohol’s health benefits can be traced back to the 1980s. Researchers were puzzled by the lower rates of heart disease among the French, despite their love of rich foods.

The “French Paradox” theorized that antioxidants in wine could be the answer. This idea gained wider attention in the ’90s, thanks to a popular news segment, and led to the idea that small, frequent amounts of any alcohol might be beneficial.

This concept became the “J-shaped curve” hypothesis: abstainers and heavy drinkers face higher risks of health problems, while moderate drinkers supposedly sit at the safest point of the curve.

REVISITING THE ALCOHOL DEBATE: LESSONS FROM HISTORY

It’s important to remember that changing scientific perspectives have completely overturned past beliefs – like the idea that tobacco was healthy. Just as tobacco is now widely known as a major health hazard, “alcohol is responsible for 5.3 per cent of all deaths” worldwide.

So, where do moderate drinkers fit in? Our extensive review of years of data found that those supposed benefits are likely overstated due to flaws in many studies called “selection biases.” No matter how we analysed the data, one thing became clear: the health benefits of moderate drinking don’t seem as robust as once thought.

WHAT SELECTION BIAS MEANS

Selection biases mean that how people are chosen for studies can skew results. It’s like a race with unfair footwear: one runner’s advantages make fair comparisons impossible. Here’s how selection bias can make alcohol look healthier than it is:

• Poor health = less alcohol: Older people in declining health often drink less, making moderate drinkers look healthier by comparison.
• Unhealthy abstainers: Comparing moderate drinkers to lifetime abstainers with chronic health issues can give a false advantage to alcohol.
• The halo effect: Moderate drinkers often have healthier lifestyles overall, making their advantage about more than just alcohol.
• Measurement problems: Asking about alcohol consumed in a short period can mislabel habitual heavy drinkers as abstainers.
• The ‘survivor bias’: Studies of older adults miss those who might have already succumbed to alcohol-related illnesses.

WHERE DOES THE TRUTH LIE?

These selection biases make us sceptical of claims that moderate drinking is healthy. As researchers, we understand this might be disappointing news and it’s normal to have mixed feelings.

While moderate alcohol consumption is enjoyable for many, it’s important to understand the risks involved. New alcohol guidelines put it clearly: one or two drinks a week is considered low risk, more than that brings increasing health risks. Ultimately, it’s about making informed choices that best suit your well-being.

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